<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Piperin</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperin"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Piperin rootpage-Piperin skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Piperin</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Chemikalie" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Chemikalie">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Strukturformel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis skin-invert-image" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Allgemeines
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td>Piperin
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Andere Namen
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>1-Piperoylpiperidin</li>
<li>Piperinsäurepiperidin</li>
<li>Piperinsäurepiperidid</li>
<li><small>PIPERINE</small> (<a href="Internationale_Nomenklatur_f%C3%BCr_kosmetische_Inhaltsstoffe" title="Internationale Nomenklatur für kosmetische Inhaltsstoffe">INCI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CosIng_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CosIng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Summenformel" title="Summenformel">Summenformel</a>
</td>
<td>C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kurzbeschreibung
</td>
<td>
<p>hellgelber Feststoff<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Externe Identifikatoren/Datenbanken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" data-expandtext="+" data-collapsetext="−" style="border-top:none; margin:-1px; width:calc(100% + 2px);">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:33%;"><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=94-62-2">94-62-2</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; border-top:1px solid #FFDEAD; padding:0.2em 0; vertical-align:bottom; width:5%;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">202-348-0
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.002.135">100.002.135</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638024">638024</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.553590.html">553590</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB12582">DB12582</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414501" class="extiw external" title="d:Q414501">Q414501</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Molare Masse</a>
</td>
<td>285,34 g·<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>fest
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>127–130 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a><sup id="cite_ref-Merck_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="L%C3%B6slichkeit" title="Löslichkeit">Löslichkeit</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>schlecht in Wasser (40 mg·l<sup>−1</sup>, 18 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Merck_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="07 – Achtung"></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="09 – Umweltgefährlich"></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Achtung</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.">302</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Giftig für Wasserorganismen, mit langfristiger Wirkung.">411</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Nach Gebrauch … gründlich waschen.
(Die vom Gesetzgeber offen gelassene Einfügung ist vom Inverkehrbringer zu ergänzen)">264</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Gebrauch nicht essen, trinken oder rauchen.">270</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden.">273</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Verschlucken: Bei Unwohlsein Giftinformationszentrum / Arzt / … anrufen.">301+312</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verschüttete Mengen aufnehmen.">391</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Inhalt / Behälter … zuführen.
(Die vom Gesetzgeber offen gelassene Einfügung ist vom Inverkehrbringer zu ergänzen)">501</span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Merck_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Toxizit%C3%A4t" title="Toxizität">Toxikologische Daten</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>514 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (<a href="Letale_Dosis" title="Letale Dosis">LD<sub>50</sub></a>, <a href="Ratten" title="Ratten">Ratte</a>, <a href="Peroral" title="Peroral">oral</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toxletters_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxletters-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>330 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (<a href="Letale_Dosis" title="Letale Dosis">LD<sub>50</sub></a>, <a href="M%C3%A4use" title="Mäuse">Maus</a>, <a href="Peroral" title="Peroral">oral</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-toxletters_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxletters-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:150%; padding:.25em;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> (0 °C, 1000 hPa).
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Piperin</b> (<i><b>1-Piperoylpiperidin</b></i>) ist ein <a href="Piperidin-Alkaloide" title="Piperidin-Alkaloide">Piperidin-Alkaloid</a> aus der Gruppe der <a href="Carbons%C3%A4ureamide" title="Carbonsäureamide">Säureamid</a>-<a href="Alkaloide" title="Alkaloide">Alkaloide</a>. Es ist das Amid aus <a href="Piperins%C3%A4ure" title="Piperinsäure">Piperinsäure</a> und <a href="Piperidin" title="Piperidin">Piperidin</a> und bildet einen farblosen bis gelblichen Feststoff mit monokliner Kristallstruktur.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Piperin wurde erstmals <a href="1819" title="1819">1819</a> von <a href="Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> isoliert.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Struktur wurde aber erst <a href="1850" title="1850">1850</a> aufgeklärt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Piperin ist das Haupt<a href="Alkaloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> des <a href="Schwarzer_Pfeffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzer Pfeffer">schwarzen Pfeffers</a> (<i>Piper nigrum</i>), das in den Samen (Pfefferkörnern) und dem <a href="Perikarp" title="Perikarp">Perikarp</a> vorkommt, und ist der Träger des scharfen Pfeffergeschmacks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In den Blättern und Stängeln kommt es nicht vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mehreren Untersuchungen wurde der Piperingehalt in Pfefferkörnern zu 10,17 bis 11,68 %<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zu 2 bis 7,4 %<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder zu 5 bis 9 %<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bestimmt. Es findet sich auch in den anderen Handelsformen von <i>Piper nigrum</i> (in <a href="Wei%C3%9Fer_Pfeffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißer Pfeffer">weißem</a>, <a href="Gr%C3%BCner_Pfeffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Grüner Pfeffer">grünem</a> und rotem Pfeffer). In grünem Pfeffer ist der Gehalt besonders hoch.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im weißen Pfeffer beträgt der Gehalt etwa 5–10 %.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Piperin findet sich außerdem im <a href="Langer_Pfeffer" title="Langer Pfeffer">Langen Pfeffer</a> (<i>Piper longum</i>) mit 3 bis 5 % sowie in <i>Piper ribesoides</i> und <i>Piper retrofractum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wurde auch in diversen weiteren Piper-Arten nachgewiesen, darunter <i>Piper capense</i>, <i>Piper chuba</i> und <i>Piper nepalense</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein <a href="Endophyt" title="Endophyt">endophytischer</a> <a href="Pilze" title="Pilze">Pilz</a> von <i>Piper nigrum</i>, <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>, kann ebenfalls Piperin bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Neben dem Vorkommen in verschiedenen <i>Piper</i>-Arten wurde Piperin auch in <a href="Paradiesk%C3%B6rner" title="Paradieskörner">Paradieskörnern</a> (<i>Aframomum melegueta</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und im <a href="%C3%84therische_%C3%96le" title="Ätherische Öle">ätherischen Öl</a> aus der Rinde von <i>Rhamus caroliniana</i> nachgewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es kommt außerdem in <i>Ludwigia hyssopifolia</i> aus der Gattung der <a href="Heusenkr%C3%A4uter" title="Heusenkräuter">Heusenkräuter</a> vor<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sowie in <i><a href="Alpinia_purpurata" title="Alpinia purpurata">Alpinia purpurata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthese">Biosynthese</h2></div>
<p>Ausgangspunkt der <a href="Biosynthese" title="Biosynthese">Biosynthese</a> des <a href="Piperidin" title="Piperidin">Piperidins</a> in Pflanzen ist <a href="Lysin" title="Lysin"><small>L</small>-Lysin</a>, das nach Bindung an <a href="Pyridoxalphosphat" title="Pyridoxalphosphat">Pyridoxalphosphat</a> decarboxyliert wird. Durch oxidative Desaminierung entsteht 5-Aminopentanal, das zu ∆<sup>1</sup>-Piperidein zyklisiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Piperinsäure wird dabei durch Kondensation von <a href="Malonyl-Coenzym_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Malonyl-Coenzym A">Malonyl-Coenzym A</a> und einem aktivierten <a href="Zimts%C3%A4ure" title="Zimtsäure">Zimtsäurederivat</a> bereitgestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der letzte Schritt in der Biosynthese der Piperinsäure ist der Aufbau der Methylendioxystruktur des <a href="Benzodioxol" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxol">Benzodioxols</a> durch ein selektives <a href="Cytochrom_P450" title="Cytochrom P450">Cytochrom-P450-Enzym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Kondensation der Piperinsäure (in der Form von Piperoyl-Coenzym A) zum Amid wird durch eine selektive <a href="Acyltransferase" title="Acyltransferase">Acyltransferase</a> katalysiert.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Piperinsäure kann durch weitere Säuren ersetzt werden, sodass etwa 50 <i>Piper</i>-Alkaloide vorkommen.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Piperin lässt sich synthetisch aus <a href="Piperidin" title="Piperidin">Piperidin</a> und Piperinsäure herstellen, kann aber auch aus schwarzem Pfeffer mit <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <a href="Extraktion_(Verfahrenstechnik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraktion (Verfahrenstechnik)">extrahiert</a> und anschließend <a href="Kristallisation" title="Kristallisation">kristallisiert</a> werden.
</p><p>Verschiedene Methoden zur Extraktion von Piperin wurden beschrieben, z. B. durch <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Eisessig</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit Petrolether unter Mikrowelleneinwirkung,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aus weißem Pfeffer mit <a href="Ionische_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Ionische Flüssigkeit">ionischen Flüssigkeiten</a> unter Einwirkung von <a href="Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit <a href="Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> in einer <a href="Soxhlet-Aufsatz" title="Soxhlet-Aufsatz">Soxhlet-Apparatur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aus Langem Pfeffer mit <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> unter Einwirkung von Ultraschall.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaktionen">Reaktionen</h2></div>
<p>Unter Lichteinfluss bilden sich <a href="Isomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomere">Isomere</a> mit (<i>Z,Z</i>)- (<a href="Chavicin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavicin">Chavicin</a>, <i>cis-cis</i>), (<i>Z,E</i>)- (<a href="Isopiperin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopiperin">Isopiperin</a>, <i>cis-trans</i>) und (<i>E,Z</i>)-Konfiguration (<a href="Isochavicin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isochavicin">Isochavicin</a>, <i>trans-cis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dies führt zum Schärfeverlust des Gewürzes, da die drei Isomere nur sehr wenig scharf schmecken.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woe_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woe-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Umfang der Isomerisierung hängt sowohl von der Lichtstärke als auch von der Dauer der Einwirkung ab. Auch bestimmte <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzyme</a> können die Isomerisierung katalysieren.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch saure oder basische <a href="Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">Hydrolyse</a> (z. B. durch <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alkoholische</a> <a href="Kalilauge" title="Kalilauge">Kalilauge</a>) lässt sich Piperin unter Wasseraufnahme in <a href="Piperidin" title="Piperidin">Piperidin</a> und <a href="Piperins%C3%A4ure" title="Piperinsäure">Piperinsäure</a> spalten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piperin ist eine schwache Base.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Ähnlich wie <a href="Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> hat auch Piperin einen <a href="Geschmackliche_Sch%C3%A4rfe" title="Geschmackliche Schärfe">scharfen Geschmack</a>. Beim Piperin ist dieser an die <a href="Cis-trans-Isomerie" title="Cis-trans-Isomerie"><i>trans-trans</i>-Stellung</a> [(<i>E,E</i>)] der beiden <a href="Doppelbindung" title="Doppelbindung">Doppelbindungen</a> geknüpft, die drei anderen Stereoisomere, bei denen eine oder beide Doppelbindungen <i>Z</i> konfiguriert sind, schmecken wenig bis gar nicht scharf.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woe_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woe-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der scharfe Geschmack wird durch Aktivierung des <a href="Vanilloid-Rezeptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanilloid-Rezeptor">Vanilloid-Rezeptors</a> verursacht.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Piperin tritt in mindestens drei verschiedenen monoklinen Kristallstrukturen auf. Form I kristallisiert im <a href="Monoklines_Kristallsystem" title="Monoklines Kristallsystem">monoklinen Kristallsystem</a> in der <a href="Raumgruppe" title="Raumgruppe">Raumgruppe</a> <i>P2<sub>1</sub>/n</i> mit den <a href="Gitterparameter" title="Gitterparameter">Gitterparametern</a> <i>a</i> = 8,743 Å; <i>b</i> = 13,364 Å, <i>c</i> = 13,147 Å und <i>β</i> = 108,66° sowie vier <a href="Elementarzelle" title="Elementarzelle">Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle</a>. Form II kristallisiert im monoklinen Kristallsystem in der Raumgruppe <i>P2<sub>1</sub>/n</i> mit den Gitterparametern <i>a</i> = 16,6510 Å; <i>b</i> = 9,5153 Å, <i>c</i> = 18,0362 Å und <i>β</i> = 99,587° sowie acht Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Form III kristallisiert im monoklinen Kristallsystem in der Raumgruppe <i>C2/c</i> mit den Gitterparametern <i>a</i> = 23,3983 Å; <i>b</i> = 10,0341 Å, <i>c</i> = 25,8291 Å und <i>β</i> = 108,545° sowie sechzehn Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmakologie">Pharmakologie</h3></div>
<p>1979 wurde Piperin als erster <a href="Bioenhancer" title="Bioenhancer">Bioenhancer</a> beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Wirkung beruht auf mehreren verschiedenen Effekten: Piperin verbessert die Aufnahme anderer Stoffe im <a href="Verdauungstrakt" title="Verdauungstrakt">Magen-Darm-Trakt</a>. Es inhibiert mehrere Enzyme, die mit der Wirkung von Medikamenten interferieren, darunter CYP450-Isoformen, die verschiedene Medikamente abbauen, sowie das <a href="Multidrug-Resistance-Protein_1" title="Multidrug-Resistance-Protein 1">Multidrug-Resistance-Protein 1</a>, das Substanzen, darunter auch Medikamente, aus Zellen herauspumpt. Schließlich inhibiert es die <a href="UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase" title="UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase">UDP-Glucuronyltransferase</a>, die für die Modifikation von Molekülen mit <a href="Glucurons%C3%A4ure" title="Glucuronsäure">Glucuronsäure</a> verantwortlich ist, durch die die Wasserlöslichkeit erhöht wird, was wiederum zu einer schnelleren Ausscheidung führt.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zum Beispiel wurde in einer Studie mit Mäusen gezeigt, dass Piperin die normalerweise schlechte <a href="Bioverf%C3%BCgbarkeit" title="Bioverfügbarkeit">Bioverfügbarkeit</a> von <a href="Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a> deutlich verbessert.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In einer Studie an <a href="Hausratte" title="Hausratte">Ratten</a> verbesserte es die Bioverfügbarkeit von <a href="Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch für Tetracyclin und andere Medikamente ist ein positiver Effekt des Piperins auf die Bioverfügbarkeit belegt.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In verschiedenen Studien wurden viele pharmakologische Wirkungen des Piperins untersucht. So wirkt es <a href="Antioxidans" title="Antioxidans">antioxidativ</a>, <a href="Antimikrobielle_Wirkstoffe" title="Antimikrobielle Wirkstoffe">antibakteriell</a>, <a href="Antiviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral">antiviral</a> und <a href="Insektizid" title="Insektizid">insektizid</a>. Außerdem hat es möglicherweise <a href="Entz%C3%BCndungshemmung" title="Entzündungshemmung">entzündungshemmende</a> und <a href="Antidepressivum" title="Antidepressivum">antidepressive</a> Eigenschaften und wirkt möglicherweise gegen <a href="Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin)">Krebszellen</a>, <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes</a> und <a href="Alzheimer-Krankheit" title="Alzheimer-Krankheit">Alzheimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piperin ist ein <a href="Agonist_(Pharmakologie)" title="Agonist (Pharmakologie)">Agonist</a> des Ionenkanals <a href="Transient_Receptor_Potential_Vanilloid_1" title="Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1">TRPV1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es inhibiert <a href="Monoaminoxidasen" title="Monoaminoxidasen">Monoaminoxidase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zu den entzündungshemmenden Eigenschaften liegen auch Daten aus Tierversuchen vor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Piperin wird auch als Abnehm-Wundermittel angepriesen. Zwar wurde unter der Leitung von Ui-Hyun Park an der <a href="Sejong-Universit%C3%A4t" title="Sejong-Universität">Sejong-Universität</a> in <a href="Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> eine Studie zur Wirkung von Piperin an menschlichen Zellkulturen durchgeführt, die ergab, dass die Substanz eine Neubildung von Fettzellen zu bremsen vermochte.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Wirksamkeit gegen <a href="Adipositas" title="Adipositas">Adipositas</a> beim Menschen lässt sich daraus jedoch nicht ableiten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxikologie">Toxikologie</h3></div>
<p>In verschiedenen Studien konnten für Piperin in üblicherweise verzehrten Mengen keine negativen gesundheitlichen Effekte festgestellt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Piperin spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die Küche, da es für den scharfen Geschmack des Pfeffers verantwortlich ist, der eines der weltweit meistgenutzten Gewürze ist.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wird auch als Aromastoff verwendet. In den USA wird es von der FEMA als GRAS (<i>generally recognized as safe)</i> eingestuft.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der EU ist es als Aromastoff ohne Mengen- oder andere Beschränkungen zugelassen.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit Stand 2020 wird Piperin noch kaum pharmazeutisch verwendet, obwohl umfangreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt wurden und werden und eine zukünftige pharmazeutische Verwendung möglich erscheint.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch pharmakologische Studien an Menschen wurden schon durchgeführt. Einer Verwendung als Pharmazeutikum steht unter anderem die schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit des Piperins entgegen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Kombinationspräparat aus <a href="Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">Rifampicin</a> und Piperin wurde in einer klinischen Phase-III-Studie untersucht und lieferte bessere Resultate als die Kontrolle ohne Piperin.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Zum Teil wird Piperin als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel angeboten.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piperin spielt außerdem eine wichtige Rolle im Ayurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nachweis">Nachweis</h2></div>
<p>Piperin und seine Isomere können durch eine Kombination aus <a href="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie" title="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie"><sup>1</sup>H-NMR</a> und <a href="Hochleistungsfl%C3%BCssigkeitschromatographie" title="Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie">HPLC</a> mit <a href="UV-Spektroskopie" class="mw-redirect" title="UV-Spektroskopie">UV-Detektor</a> nachgewiesen und unterschieden werden.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piperin kann auch durch <a href="Gaschromatographie_mit_Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung" title="Gaschromatographie mit Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung">GC-MS</a> nachgewiesen werden.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piperine?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Piperin</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-CosIng-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CosIng_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/details/40915"><i><small>PIPERINE</small></i></a> in der <a href="CosIng-Datenbank" title="CosIng-Datenbank">CosIng-Datenbank</a> der EU-Kommission, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/ALDRICH/p49007">Piperin</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 3. August 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/ALDRICH/p49007?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Merck-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmillipore.com/DE/de/product/msds/MDA_CHEM-821036?Origin=PDP">Piperin</a></span> bei <a href="Merck_KGaA" title="Merck KGaA">Merck</a>, abgerufen am 25. Dezember 2021.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-toxletters-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toxletters_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toxletters_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawinee Piyachaturawat, Thirayudh Glinsukon, Chaivat Toskulkao: <i>Acute and subacute toxicity of piperine in mice, rats and hamsters.</i> In: <i>Toxicology Letters.</i> 1983, Band 16, Nummer 3–4, S. 351–359, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(83)90198-4" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90198-4">doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90198-4</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Y. Pfund, Brianna L. Chamberlin, Adam J. Matzger: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Bioenhancer Piperine is at Least Trimorphic</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crystal Growth & Design</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 6. Mai 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2047–2051</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b00278">10.1021/acs.cgd.5b00278</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=The+Bioenhancer+Piperine+is+at+Least+Trimorphic&rft.au=Laura+Y.+Pfund%2C+Brianna+L.+Chamberlin%2C+Adam+J.+Matzger&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.cgd.5b00278&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Growth+%26+Design&rft.pages=2047-2051&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">R. De Cleyn, M. Verzele: <cite style="font-style:italic">Constituents of peppers: I. Qualitative analysis of piperine isomers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chromatographia</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 1972, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>346–350</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02315254">10.1007/BF02315254</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Constituents+of+peppers%3A+I.+Qualitative+analysis+of+piperine+isomers&rft.au=R.+De+Cleyn%2C+M.+Verzele&rft.date=1972-06&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF02315254&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Chromatographia&rft.pages=346-350&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Anshuly Tiwari, Kakasaheb R. Mahadik, Satish Y. Gabhe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine: A comprehensive review of methods of isolation, purification, and biological properties</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Medicine in Drug Discovery</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, September 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>100027</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100027">10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100027</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine%3A+A+comprehensive+review+of+methods+of+isolation%2C+purification%2C+and+biological+properties&rft.au=Anshuly+Tiwari%2C+Kakasaheb+R.+Mahadik%2C+Satish+Y.+Gabhe&rft.btitle=Medicine+in+Drug+Discovery&rft.date=2020-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.medidd.2020.100027&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=100027&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Albert_Gossauer" title="Albert Gossauer">Albert Gossauer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Struktur und Reaktivität der Biomoleküle</cite>. 2006, ISBN 3-906390-29-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>249</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.au=Albert+Gossauer&rft.btitle=Struktur+und+Reaktivit%C3%A4t+der+Biomolek%C3%BCle&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3906390292&rft.pages=249" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobuyuki Kozukue, Mal-Sun Park, Suk-Hyun Choi, Seung-Un Lee, Mayumi Ohnishi-Kameyama, Carol E. Levin, Mendel Friedman: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kinetics of Light-Induced Cis−Trans Isomerization of Four Piperines and Their Levels in Ground Black Peppers as Determined by HPLC and LC/MS</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>55</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 1. August 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7131–7139</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070831p">10.1021/jf070831p</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Kinetics+of+Light-Induced+Cis%E2%88%92Trans+Isomerization+of+Four+Piperines+and+Their+Levels+in+Ground+Black+Peppers+as+Determined+by+HPLC+and+LC%2FMS&rft.au=Nobuyuki+Kozukue%2C+Mal-Sun+Park%2C+Suk-Hyun+Choi%2C+...&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf070831p&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=7131-7139&rft.volume=55" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Priyanshee Gohil, Anita Mehta: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular targets of pepper as bioavailability enhancer</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 31. Dezember 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>269–276</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3742/OPEM.2009.9.4.269">10.3742/OPEM.2009.9.4.269</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Molecular+targets+of+pepper+as+bioavailability+enhancer&rft.au=Priyanshee+Gohil%2C+Anita+Mehta&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft.doi=10.3742%2FOPEM.2009.9.4.269&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Pharmacy+and+Experimental+Medicine&rft.pages=269-276&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendel Friedman, Carol E. Levin, Seung-Un Lee, Jin-Shik Lee, Mayumi Ohnisi-Kameyama, Nobuyuki Kozukue: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analysis by HPLC and LC/MS of Pungent Piperamides in Commercial Black, White, Green, and Red Whole and Ground Peppercorns</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>56</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 1. Mai 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3028–3036</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703711z">10.1021/jf703711z</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Analysis+by+HPLC+and+LC%2FMS+of+Pungent+Piperamides+in+Commercial+Black%2C+White%2C+Green%2C+and+Red+Whole+and+Ground+Peppercorns&rft.au=Mendel+Friedman%2C+Carol+E.+Levin%2C+Seung-Un+Lee%2C+...&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf703711z&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=3028-3036&rft.volume=56" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tis-gdv.de/tis/ware/gewuerze/pfeffer/pfeffer-htm/#selbsterhitzung"><i>Pfeffer – Transport Informations Service.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 27. Mai 2021</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APiperin&rft.title=Pfeffer+%E2%80%93+Transport+Informations+Service&rft.description=Pfeffer+%E2%80%93+Transport+Informations+Service&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tis-gdv.de%2Ftis%2Fware%2Fgewuerze%2Fpfeffer%2Fpfeffer-htm%2F%23selbsterhitzung"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takashi Kitayama, Kanako Yasuda, Takeharu Kihara, Michiho Ito, Hiromi Fukumoto, Masanori Morimoto: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine analogs in a hydrophobic fraction from Piper ribersoides (Piperaceae) and its insect antifeedant activity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied Entomology and Zoology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>48</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, November 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>455–459</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-013-0204-4">10.1007/s13355-013-0204-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine+analogs+in+a+hydrophobic+fraction+from+Piper+ribersoides+%28Piperaceae%29+and+its+insect+antifeedant+activity&rft.au=Takashi+Kitayama%2C+Kanako+Yasuda%2C+Takeharu+Kihara%2C+...&rft.date=2013-11&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs13355-013-0204-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Applied+Entomology+and+Zoology&rft.pages=455-459&rft.volume=48" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prapaipit Suwitchayanon, Osamu Ohno, Kiyotake Suenaga, Hisashi Kato-Noguchi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytotoxic property of Piper retrofractum fruit extracts and compounds against the germination and seedling growth of weeds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acta Physiologiae Plantarum</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2824-y">10.1007/s11738-019-2824-y</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Phytotoxic+property+of+Piper+retrofractum+fruit+extracts+and+compounds+against+the+germination+and+seedling+growth+of+weeds&rft.au=Prapaipit+Suwitchayanon%2C+Osamu+Ohno%2C+Kiyotake+Suenaga%2C+...&rft.date=2019-03&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs11738-019-2824-y&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physiologiae+Plantarum&rft.volume=41" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Koma Okwute, Henry Omoregie Egharevba: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine-Type Amides: Review of the Chemical and Biological Characteristics</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 28. Juli 2013, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v5n3p99">10.5539/ijc.v5n3p99</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine-Type+Amides%3A+Review+of+the+Chemical+and+Biological+Characteristics&rft.au=Simon+Koma+Okwute%2C+Henry+Omoregie+Egharevba&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft.doi=10.5539%2Fijc.v5n3p99&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Chithra, B. Jasim, P. Sachidanandan, M. Jyothis, E.K. Radhakrishnan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine production by endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Piper nigrum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytomedicine</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, März 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>534–540</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.020">10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.020</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine+production+by+endophytic+fungus+Colletotrichum+gloeosporioides+isolated+from+Piper+nigrum&rft.au=S.+Chithra%2C+B.+Jasim%2C+P.+Sachidanandan%2C+...&rft.date=2014-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.phymed.2013.10.020&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Phytomedicine&rft.pages=534-540&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen A. Adefegha, Ganiyu Oboh, Omowunmi M. Adefegha, Thomas Henle: <cite style="font-style:italic">Alligator pepper/Grain of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta) modulates Angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity, lipid profile and oxidative imbalances in a rat model of hypercholesterolemia</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pathophysiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>191–202</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.005">10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.005</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Alligator+pepper%2FGrain+of+Paradise+%28Aframomum+melegueta%29+modulates+Angiotensin-I+converting+enzyme+activity%2C+lipid+profile+and+oxidative+imbalances+in+a+rat+model+of+hypercholesterolemia&rft.au=Stephen+A.+Adefegha%2C+Ganiyu+Oboh%2C+Omowunmi+M.+Adefegha%2C+...&rft.date=2016-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.pathophys.2016.05.005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Pathophysiology&rft.pages=191-202&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amrutha Bindu Mekala, Prabodh Satyal, William N. Setzer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemicals from the Bark of Rhamnus Caroliniana</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Product Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1934578X1701200</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1701200324">10.1177/1934578X1701200324</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Phytochemicals+from+the+Bark+of+Rhamnus+Caroliniana&rft.au=Amrutha+Bindu+Mekala%2C+Prabodh+Satyal%2C+William+N.+Setzer&rft.date=2017-03&rft.doi=10.1177%2F1934578X1701200324&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Communications&rft.pages=1934578X1701200&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das, Banibrata et al. "Antitumor and antibacterial activity of ethylacetate extract of Ludwigia hyssopifolia linn and its active principle piperine." <i>Pak J Pharm Sci</i> 20.2 (2007): 128–131.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meiny Suzery, Resti Yuyun Septembe Ria, Bambang Cahyono: <cite style="font-style:italic">Alkaloids piperine in dichloromethane fraction of red galangal rizhome (Alpinia purpurata)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>509</span>, 3. Mai 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>012076</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X%2F509%2F1%2F012076">10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012076</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Alkaloids+piperine+in+dichloromethane+fraction+of+red+galangal+rizhome+%28Alpinia+purpurata%29&rft.au=Meiny+Suzery%2C+Resti+Yuyun+Septembe+Ria%2C+Bambang+Cahyono&rft.btitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft.doi=10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F509%2F1%2F012076&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=012076&rft.volume=509" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schneider-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_21-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_21-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_21-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Theo Dingermann, Karl Hiller, Georg Schneider, Ilse Zündorf: <i>Schneider - Arzneidrogen.</i> Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1481-4, S. 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisong Hu, Zhongping Xu, Maojun Wang, Rui Fan, Daojun Yuan, Baoduo Wu, Huasong Wu, Xiaowei Qin, Lin Yan, Lehe Tan, Soonliang Sim, Wen Li, Christopher A Saski, Henry Daniell, <a href="Jonathan_F._Wendel" title="Jonathan F. Wendel">Jonathan F. Wendel</a>, Keith Lindsey, Xianlong Zhang, Chaoyun Hao, Shuangxia Jin: <cite style="font-style:italic">The chromosome-scale reference genome of black pepper provides insight into piperine biosynthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 16. Oktober 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12607-6">10.1038/s41467-019-12607-6</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31619678?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31619678</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6795880/">PMC 6795880</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=The+chromosome-scale+reference+genome+of+black+pepper+provides+insight+into+piperine+biosynthesis&rft.au=Lisong+Hu%2C+Zhongping+Xu%2C+Maojun+Wang%2C+...&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12607-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.pmc=6795880&rft.pmid=31619678&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arianne Schnabel, Fernando Cotinguiba, Benedikt Athmer, Thomas Vogt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piper nigrum CYP719A37 Catalyzes the Decisive Methylenedioxy Bridge Formation in Piperine Biosynthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plants</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 9. Januar 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>128</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010128">10.3390/plants10010128</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33435446?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33435446</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826766/">PMC 7826766</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piper+nigrum+CYP719A37+Catalyzes+the+Decisive+Methylenedioxy+Bridge+Formation+in+Piperine+Biosynthesis&rft.au=Arianne+Schnabel%2C+Fernando+Cotinguiba%2C+Benedikt+Athmer%2C+...&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fplants10010128&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.pages=128&rft.pmc=7826766&rft.pmid=33435446&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jutta G. Geisler, Georg G. Gross: <cite style="font-style:italic">The biosynthesis of piperine in Piper nigrum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Januar 1990, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>489–492</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422%2890%2985102-L">10.1016/0031-9422(90)85102-L</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=The+biosynthesis+of+piperine+in+Piper+nigrum&rft.au=Jutta+G.+Geisler%2C+Georg+G.+Gross&rft.date=1990-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0031-9422%2890%2985102-L&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=489-492&rft.volume=29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:9-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Arianne Schnabel, Benedikt Athmer, Kerstin Manke, Frank Schumacher, Fernando Cotinguiba, Thomas Vogt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Identification and characterization of piperine synthase from black pepper, Piper nigrum L.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Communications Biology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 8. April 2021, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01967-9">10.1038/s42003-021-01967-9</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33833371?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33833371</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8032705/">PMC 8032705</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Identification+and+characterization+of+piperine+synthase+from+black+pepper%2C+Piper+nigrum+L.&rft.au=Arianne+Schnabel%2C+Benedikt+Athmer%2C+Kerstin+Manke%2C+...&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-021-01967-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.pmc=8032705&rft.pmid=33833371&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">NEW METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION OF PIPERINE FROM BLACK PEPPER</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.4%288%29.3165-70">10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.4(8).3165-70</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=NEW+METHOD+DEVELOPMENT+FOR+EXTRACTION+AND+ISOLATION+OF+PIPERINE+FROM+BLACK+PEPPER&rft.doi=10.13040%2Fijpsr.0975-8232.4%288%29.3165-70&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Sciences+and+Research&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Girija Raman, Vilas G. Gaikar: <cite style="font-style:italic">Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Piperine from Piper nigrum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 1. Mai 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2521–2528</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010359b">10.1021/ie010359b</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Microwave-Assisted+Extraction+of+Piperine+from+Piper+nigrum&rft.au=Girija+Raman%2C+Vilas+G.+Gaikar&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fie010359b&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research&rft.pages=2521-2528&rft.volume=41" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaoji Cao, Xuemin Ye, Yanbin Lu, Yi Yu, Weimin Mo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction of piperine from white pepper</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analytica Chimica Acta</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>640</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–2</span>, April 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47–51</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.029">10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.029</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Ionic+liquid-based+ultrasonic-assisted+extraction+of+piperine+from+white+pepper&rft.au=Xiaoji+Cao%2C+Xuemin+Ye%2C+Yanbin+Lu%2C+...&rft.date=2009-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.aca.2009.03.029&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&rft.pages=47-51&rft.volume=640" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Subramanian, P. Subbramaniyan, J. Noorul Ameen, V. Raj: <cite style="font-style:italic">Double bypasses soxhlet apparatus for extraction of piperine from Piper nigrum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Arabian Journal of Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, September 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>S537–S540</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.06.022">10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.06.022</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Double+bypasses+soxhlet+apparatus+for+extraction+of+piperine+from+Piper+nigrum&rft.au=R.+Subramanian%2C+P.+Subbramaniyan%2C+J.+Noorul+Ameen%2C+...&rft.btitle=Arabian+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2016-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.arabjc.2011.06.022&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=S537-S540&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachin S. Rathod, Virendra K. Rathod: <cite style="font-style:italic">Extraction of piperine from Piper longum using ultrasound</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industrial Crops and Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, Juli 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>259–264</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.040">10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.040</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+piperine+from+Piper+longum+using+ultrasound&rft.au=Sachin+S.+Rathod%2C+Virendra+K.+Rathod&rft.btitle=Industrial+Crops+and+Products&rft.date=2014-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.indcrop.2014.03.040&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=259-264&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-16-02526"><i>Piperin</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 27. Juli 2011.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-woe-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-woe_32-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-woe_32-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/ernaehrung/piperin/7035"><i>Piperin.</i></a> In: <i>Lexikon der Ernährung.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 9. April 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APiperin&rft.title=Piperin&rft.description=Piperin&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Flexikon%2Fernaehrung%2Fpiperin%2F7035"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. K. Atal: <cite style="font-style:italic">A breakthrough in drug bioavailability-a clue from age old wisdom of Ayurveda</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">IMDA Bulletin</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>483–484</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=A+breakthrough+in+drug+bioavailability-a+clue+from+age+old+wisdom+of+Ayurveda&rft.au=C.+K.+Atal&rft.btitle=IMDA+Bulletin&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=483-484&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Murlidhar Meghwal, T. K. Goswami: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piper nigrum and Piperine: An Update: REVIEW ON USE OF BLACK PEPER</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytotherapy Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1121–1130</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4972">10.1002/ptr.4972</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piper+nigrum+and+Piperine%3A+An+Update%3A+REVIEW+ON+USE+OF+BLACK+PEPER&rft.au=Murlidhar+Meghwal%2C+T.+K.+Goswami&rft.date=2013-08&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fptr.4972&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Phytotherapy+Research&rft.pages=1121-1130&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy J. Johnson, Minakshi Nihal, Imtiaz A. Siddiqui, Cameron O. Scarlett, Howard H. Bailey, Hasan Mukhtar, Nihal Ahmad: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Nutrition & Food Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>55</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1169–1176</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100117">10.1002/mnfr.201100117</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714124?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21714124</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295233/">PMC 3295233</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Enhancing+the+bioavailability+of+resveratrol+by+combining+it+with+piperine&rft.au=Jeremy+J.+Johnson%2C+Minakshi+Nihal%2C+Imtiaz+A.+Siddiqui%2C+...&rft.date=2011-08&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fmnfr.201100117&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Nutrition+%26+Food+Research&rft.pages=1169-1176&rft.pmc=3295233&rft.pmid=21714124&rft.volume=55" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">[No title found]</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.12%281%29.363-71">10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.12(1).363-71</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=%5BNo+title+found%5D&rft.doi=10.13040%2Fijpsr.0975-8232.12%281%29.363-71&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=INTERNATIONAL+JOURNAL+OF+PHARMACEUTICAL+SCIENCES+AND+RESEARCH&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_37-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_37-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Iahtisham‐Ul Haq, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Nadeem, Tabussam Tufail, Tanweer A. Gondal, Mohammad S. Mubarak: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine: A review of its biological effects</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytotherapy Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>680–700</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6855">10.1002/ptr.6855</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine%3A+A+review+of+its+biological+effects&rft.au=Iahtisham%E2%80%90Ul+Haq%2C+Muhammad+Imran%2C+Muhammad+Nadeem%2C+...&rft.date=2021-02&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fptr.6855&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Phytotherapy+Research&rft.pages=680-700&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yukiko Okumura, Masataka Narukawa, Yusaku Iwasaki, Aiko Ishikawa, Hisashi Matsuda, Masayuki Yoshikawa, Tatsuo Watanabe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by Black Pepper Components</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 23. Mai 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1068–1072</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90964">10.1271/bbb.90964</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Activation+of+TRPV1+and+TRPA1+by+Black+Pepper+Components&rft.au=Yukiko+Okumura%2C+Masataka+Narukawa%2C+Yusaku+Iwasaki%2C+...&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.doi=10.1271%2Fbbb.90964&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Bioscience%2C+Biotechnology%2C+and+Biochemistry&rft.pages=1068-1072&rft.volume=74" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seon A Lee, Seong Su Hong, Xiang Hua Han, Ji Sang Hwang, Gab Jin Oh, Kyong Soon Lee, Myung Koo Lee, Bang Yeon Hwang, Jai Seup Ro: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine from the Fruits of Piper longum with Inhibitory Effect on Monoamine Oxidase and Antidepressant-Like Activity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>53</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>832–835</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.832">10.1248/cpb.53.832</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine+from+the+Fruits+of+Piper+longum+with+Inhibitory+Effect+on+Monoamine+Oxidase+and+Antidepressant-Like+Activity&rft.au=Seon+A+Lee%2C+Seong+Su+Hong%2C+Xiang+Hua+Han%2C+...&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1248%2Fcpb.53.832&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Chemical+and+Pharmaceutical+Bulletin&rft.pages=832-835&rft.volume=53" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eun Bang Lee, Kuk Hyun Shin, Won Sick Woo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pharmacological study on piperine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Archives of Pharmacal Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Dezember 1984, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>127–132</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856625">10.1007/BF02856625</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+study+on+piperine&rft.au=Eun+Bang+Lee%2C+Kuk+Hyun+Shin%2C+Won+Sick+Woo&rft.date=1984-12&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF02856625&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Pharmacal+Research&rft.pages=127-132&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wissenschaft.de/leben-umwelt/gesundheit/-/journal_content/56/12054/928955/Scharf-gegen-Fett/"><i>Scharf gegen Fett.</i></a> bdw, wissenschaft.de, 4. Mai 2012,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2016</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APiperin&rft.title=Scharf+gegen+Fett&rft.description=Scharf+gegen+Fett&rft.identifier=&rft.publisher=bdw%2C+wissenschaft.de&rft.date=2012-05-04"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:10-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_42-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_42-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Bastaki, Michel Aubanel, Mark Bauter, Thierry Cachet, Jan Demyttenaere, Maodo Malick Diop, Christie L. Harman, Shim-mo Hayashi, Gerhard Krammer, Xiaodong Li, Craig Llewellyn, Odete Mendes, Kevin J. Renskers, Jürgen Schnabel, Benjamin P.C. Smith, Sean V. Taylor: <cite style="font-style:italic">Absence of adverse effects following administration of piperine in the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food and Chemical Toxicology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>120</span>, Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>213–221</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.055">10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.055</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Absence+of+adverse+effects+following+administration+of+piperine+in+the+diet+of+Sprague-Dawley+rats+for+90+days&rft.au=Maria+Bastaki%2C+Michel+Aubanel%2C+Mark+Bauter%2C+...&rft.btitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.date=2018-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.fct.2018.06.055&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=213-221&rft.volume=120" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:11-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_43-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_43-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Ziegenhagen, Katharina Heimberg, Alfonso Lampen, Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst: <cite style="font-style:italic">Safety Aspects of the Use of Isolated Piperine Ingested as a Bolus</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Foods</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 8. September 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2121</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092121">10.3390/foods10092121</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34574230?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34574230</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8467119/">PMC 8467119</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Safety+Aspects+of+the+Use+of+Isolated+Piperine+Ingested+as+a+Bolus&rft.au=Rainer+Ziegenhagen%2C+Katharina+Heimberg%2C+Alfonso+Lampen%2C+...&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.doi=10.3390%2Ffoods10092121&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.pages=2121&rft.pmc=8467119&rft.pmid=34574230&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leila Gorgani, Maedeh Mohammadi, Ghasem D. Najafpour, Maryam Nikzad: <cite style="font-style:italic">Piperine-The Bioactive Compound of Black Pepper: From Isolation to Medicinal Formulations: Piperine isolation from pepper…</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>124–140</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12246">10.1111/1541-4337.12246</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Piperine-The+Bioactive+Compound+of+Black+Pepper%3A+From+Isolation+to+Medicinal+Formulations%3A+Piperine+isolation+from+pepper%E2%80%A6&rft.au=Leila+Gorgani%2C+Maedeh+Mohammadi%2C+Ghasem+D.+Najafpour%2C+...&rft.date=2017-01&rft.doi=10.1111%2F1541-4337.12246&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Food+Safety&rft.pages=124-140&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patel, Naresh et al. "A Randomized, Controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Risorine with Conventional Rifampicin in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients." <i>The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India</i> 65.9 (2017): 48-54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toshiyuki Mizumoto, Fusako Nakano, Yuzo Nishizaki, Naoko Masumoto, Naoki Sugimoto: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantitative Analysis of Piperine and the Derivatives in Long Pepper Extract by HPLC Using Relative Molar Sensitivity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi)</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>60</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 25. Oktober 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>134–143</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.60.134">10.3358/shokueishi.60.134</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Analysis+of+Piperine+and+the+Derivatives+in+Long+Pepper+Extract+by+HPLC+Using+Relative+Molar+Sensitivity&rft.au=Toshiyuki+Mizumoto%2C+Fusako+Nakano%2C+Yuzo+Nishizaki%2C+...&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.doi=10.3358%2Fshokueishi.60.134&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Food+Hygiene+and+Safety+Science+%28Shokuhin+Eiseigaku+Zasshi%29&rft.pages=134-143&rft.volume=60" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantin Mărutoiu, Ioan Gogoasa, Ioan Oprean, Olivia-Florena Mărutoiu, Maria-Ioana Moise, Cristian Tigae, Maria Rada: <cite style="font-style:italic">Separation and identification of piperine and chavicine in black pepper by TLC and GC-MS</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109</span>, Juni 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>250–252</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556/JPC.19.2006.3.16">10.1556/JPC.19.2006.3.16</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Piperin&rft.atitle=Separation+and+identification+of+piperine+and+chavicine+in+black+pepper+by+TLC+and+GC-MS&rft.au=Constantin+M%C4%83rutoiu%2C+Ioan+Gogoasa%2C+Ioan+Oprean%2C+...&rft.date=2006-06&rft.doi=10.1556%2FJPC.19.2006.3.16&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=109&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Planar+Chromatography+-+Modern+TLC&rft.pages=250-252&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4386554-9">4386554-9</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-11-29" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Piperin&oldid=261973120">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>